The translation and dissemination of red thought in China are closely related to the children of Lingnan
Text/Photo: Yangcheng Evening News All-Media Reporter Sun Lei
(Except for signature)
The dissemination and practice of Marxism have profoundly changed China. Babaylan is located in Guangdong, located at the southern end of the motherland, and is one of the main positions for the spread of red ideas.
In recent years, with the deepening of research on the dissemination of Lingnan red thought, Guangdong’s significance and role in the dissemination and practice of Marxism have gradually become prominent. The spread of red thought on the land of Lingnan not only starts early, has many talents, and has a wide range of dissemination, but is also closely integrated with revolutionary practice. From Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao, Sun Yat-sen to Zhu Zhixin, Yang Gui’an, and Ke Bo, the outstanding Lingnan children greatly promoted the spread of red ideas in Guangdong and even the whole country, and had a direct impact on the process of sinicization of Marxism.
The opening is
Wanmu Caotang located in Yuexiu, Guangzhou, with flowers and trees intertwined and antique. The statues of Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao are placed in the northeast corner of the courtyard, and the master and apprentice sit one by one. Their exploration of socialist thought made Guangdong one of the earliest regions to translate and disseminate advanced modern ideas.
In 1884, Kang Youwei started writing the book “Datong Book”, which is in line with the “Datong Thought” in ancient China, and is also clearly influenced by Western utopian socialism.
After the failure of the 1898 Reform Movement, Liang Qichao went into exile in Japan and began to come into contact with socialism. He organized scholars and students who went into exile to Japan to study Marxism together and translate related works. Zhao Bizhen, known as “the earliest disseminator of Marxism in China”, also participated. Under the guidance of Liang Qichao Komiks, Zhao Bizhen translated “Modern Socialism” Volume 1 and 2, and was finally published in Shanghai.
Wang Dongfeng, a professor at the School of Foreign Languages of Sun Yat-sen University, regards 1902 as a key node in the “introduction period” of Marxism. This is mainly because Liang Qichao used the term “socialism” for the first time in his article “The Theory of Jie De, the Revolutionary Revolutionary” published in Xinmin Series in 1902. Therefore, Liang Qichao was also known as the first person to introduce Marx to China. Since then, he has talked about Mark many times in his writings.ps://comicmov.com/”>Komiks thought and his views, and also predicted in the article: “Socialism will surely be magnificent in the 20th century. “This officially kicked off the spread of Marxism in China.
The socialist movement that emerged around the world also attracted the attention of democratic revolutionaries. Qiu Jie, a professor at the History Department of Sun Yat-sen University, said that Sun Yat-sen had a long understanding of Marxism and had a sympathy for it. Sun Yat-sen also tried to combine socialism with the Chinese revolution, and the “people’s livelihood” in his “Three Principles of the People” was based on socialist thought.
It should be said that at this time The introduction of Marxism is sporadic and even has many misunderstandings and distortions, which are not systematic and incompletely accurate. Despite this, these advanced Guangdong people still made the Chinese people first understand Marxism, laying the groundwork and preparing for the spread of Marxism in China.
Original Point of Thought
On February 24, 1848, the “Communist Manifesto” (hereinafter referred to as the “Manifesto”) written by Marx and Engels was officially published. This is a scientific socialist. The first programmatic document of Cinema, which marks Marxism href=”https://comicmov.com/”>Cinema was born.
With the translation and introduction of the Manifesto, Guangdong ushered in the first small climax of the spread of Marxism between 1902 and 1912. Zhu Zhixin translated and introduced many Marxist-related articles at this stage, so he was called “the pioneer of the spread of Marxism in China.”
At present, the first Chinese translation of the Manifesto is Chen Wangdao published in 1920. But before that, Zhu Zhixin, Chen Zhenfei and others from Guangdong were already translating the Manifesto. Although it was only a seminar translation, it also had great historical significance for the spread of Marxism in China.
Qiu Jie said that as early as 1912, the Guangzhou Minsheng Daily published the “Propaganda” translated by Chen Zhenfei. The first part of the BabaylanYes” has strong theoretical significance: “This is the earliest selected version of the Communist Manifesto in China, and the academic community has not fully recognized its importance. ”
However, in Wang Dongfeng’s view, Zhu Zhixin was earlier than Chen Zhenfei. As early as November 1905, the official newspaper of the same Komiks, the same Komiks published the “Biography of the German Social Revolutionary” written by Zhu Zhixin, which translated the “Declaration” in the second chapter.Part of the contents, including the 10 programs in Section 2, introduces the key points of the Declaration, including the writing background and historical significance. Wang Dongfeng said that this is the first time that the Chinese have introduced the Declaration and have directly translated some of its contents. Zhu Zhixin integrated his short life into the wave of the Chinese revolution and actively engaged in revolutionary theoretical propaganda work. He was called “the saint of the revolution” by Sun Yat-sen.
Chen Wangdao translated the “Declaration” during the period when the Communist Party of China was preparing to establish, and communist groups across the country were established. The Chinese translation of the Manifesto was widely popular after its publication. This booklet with only more than 28,000 Chinese characters became the ideological starting point for the Communist Party of China to create revolutionary beliefs and also made theoretical preparations for the founding of the Communist Party of China.
Wang Dongfeng believes that the translation and dissemination of the Manifesto is step by step. If the Guangdong people had not laid the early stages of Marxism translation, there would have been no later translation by Chen Wangdao: “Although the work done in Guangdong in the early days is scattered, it is an indispensable basic work. It can be said that Guangdong played a revolutionary role in the translation and dissemination of Marxism in China.”
On November 11, 1919, Yang Gui’an introduced Marxism in the Guangdong China News Agency Photo provided by Wei Fapu
Translation climax
With the outbreak of the October Revolution and the May Fourth Movement in Russia, the translation and introduction of Marxism in China were fully launched, and Guangdong also ushered in the second translation climax. Yang Ji’an, Ke Bonian, Tang Chengbo and others began to turn to translate other related works by Marx himself.
“Since Max’s origin, socialism has suddenly lost its glory in theory and reality. The worker regards the book “Das Kapital” as a classic… Max takes the materialistic view of history as a classic, and has obtained from observing economic conditions in Britain and France, thus forming a worldview dominated by economic content. This is why it is called scientific socialism.” On November 11, 1919, Yang Gui’an published an article in “Maxism (sometimes called scientific socialism)” (hereinafter referred to as “Maxism”) in the “Guangdong China News Agency”. The article only has more than 300 words, but has a far-reaching impact. This is the earliest article in South China to systematically introduce Marxism.
The article appeared immediately after Li Dazhao published the article “My Marxist View” in “New Youth”. Therefore, Yang Ji’an was also called “Southern Yang and North Li” together with Li Dazhao. “Maxism” and Yang Gui’an’s other articles introducing Marxism were established, together with his “South China System Introduction”The historical status of Marxism is the first person.
According to Wang Dongfeng, from July 12 to December 15, 1919, Yang Gui’an published more than 40 articles in the column of the supplement “Popular University” of Guangdong Zhonghua News Agency as the general title, using “World Theory” as the general topic, introducing the Marxist society in detail. href=”https://comicmov.com/”>Cinemaism. After the May Fourth Movement, Yang Gui’an wrote and compiled a large number of articles promoting and introducing Marxism, which greatly promoted the widespread dissemination of Marxism and inspired the revolutionary enthusiasm of the entire South China region.
In 1929, Yang Gui’an came to Shanghai to participate in the publication of the Communist Party of China. During this period, he compiled and published more than 200,000 words of “Essentials of Western History”, which was also the earliest Western history work written by China using the Marxist materialist historical view. “When Mao Zedong was in the Central Soviet Area, he also asked someone to bring this book to him. “Fu Xiuhai, a professor at the Chinese Department of South China Agricultural University, mentioned.
The Yang Family Temple, located at No. 116 Yuehua Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, has been renovated. Entering the Yang Li’an Old House Exhibition Hall, there is a long luminous oil lamp on the desk in the study on the second floor. The audience seems to be able to see Yang Li’an working at the desk at that time. This lamp is like his spirit and will last forever.
Yang Li’an Old House<a There is a long luminous oil lamp in the exhibition hall of Babaylan After the May Fourth Movement, the spread of Marxism in Guangdong was centered on Guangzhou, and its spread throughout the province, and it also affected neighboring Fujian, Guangxi, Yunnan, Hong Kong and other places, which had an important impact nationwide. Wei Fapu, associate professor of the Party History and Party Building Teaching and Research Department of the Party School of the Guangdong Provincial Party Committee (Guangdong Administrative College), believed that the spread of Guangdong’s red thought at that time showed the characteristics of wide communication subjects and wide communication scope: “At that time, the political environment conditions in Guangdong were relatively loose, and both the Kuomintang and the Communist Party supported the spread of Marxism. Therefore, when other parts of the country severely suppress the spread of Marxism, Guangdong can spread it publicly. “
Wei Fapu said that during this period, Guangdong’s newspapers and magazines were very developed, with a large number of newspapers and magazines appearing, and the distribution scope of many newspapers and magazines was nationwide, which provided the spread of Marxism.Provides solid conditions.
At the same time, a large number of translation talents emerged in Guangdong, such as Tang Chengbo who translated and published “The Theory and Implementation of Leninism”, Li Chunfan (Ke Bonian) successively translated and published “National and Revolution” and “Godard Program Criticism”, and Xiong Rui translated and published “The Theory of Materialism in History”. In addition, during this period, Guangdong gathered talents from all over the country. Li Dazhao, Chen Duxiu, Qu Qiubai, Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai and others all carried out revolutionary activities in Guangdong, which effectively promoted the spread of Marxism.
“Guangdong is still the main battlefield for opposing various erroneous thoughts.” Wei Fapu said that during the spread of Marxism in China, it has actually been disturbed by various misunderstandings and even misconceptions. “At that time, Chen Duxiu had a debate on the issue of anarchism with Qu Shengbai. The two of them mainly fought with Guangdong Qunbao as the position. Later, the content of this debate was published in the 9th and 4th volume of “New Youth”, under the title of “Discussion on Anarchism”, and had a nationwide impact.”
In the view of Wei Fapu, what is more important is that Guangdong not only spreads Marxism, but also gave birth to the sinicization of Marxism during the dissemination process. Guangdong’s rich revolutionary practice provides a practical basis for the sinicization of Marxism. In the process of accepting and spreading Marxism, the Chinese Communists actively explored the revolutionary path of China, especially marked by Mao Zedong’s article “Analysis of All Classes in Chinese Society” in Guangzhou, which opened the process of sinicization of Marxism.
Interview
Guangdong plays a role in the spread of red ideas.
Wang Dongfeng (Professor of the School of Foreign Languages, Sun Yat-sen University)
YangCinemaCity Evening News: When it comes to the translation and dissemination of Marxism in China, what aspects does Guangdong’s influence mainly reflect?
Wang Dongfeng: After we did research, we found that Guangdong’s role in this regard can be said to be decisive and played a role in “sparkling fire”! But many people haven’t realized this yet.
To a certain extent, the spark of Marxism’s translation and spread in China was lit by Guangdong people. It was scattered before and had no clear political purpose, but Guangdong intellectuals accepted Marxism with progressive political pursuits. Like exile in JapanBabaylan<Liang Qichao originally sought reform, and Zhu Zhixin and Liao Zhongkai actively translated socialism because they wanted to find a way to save the nation in China.
In the process of igniting the spark, Liang Qichao led the first ball, Zhu Zhixin, Song Jiaoren, Liao Zhongkai, and Sun Yat-sen, and finally formed a prairie fire. The intellectual elites in Guangdong who participated in Marxist translation also include Huang Lingshuang, Hu Hanmin, Chen Zhenfei, Ke Bonian, Xiong Rui, Du Guosheng, Xu Dixin and others.
Yangcheng Evening News: What are the characteristics and advantages of Guangdong’s translation and dissemination of Marxism?
Wang Dongfeng: Guangdong is direct contact and direct translation, while Beijing is almost doing secondary interpretation and only begins to invest in the research and dissemination of Marxism after getting inspired. Li Dazhao later organized students to translate Marxism from German in Beijing, but was somewhat influenced by Guangdong.
In terms of time, Guangdong intellectuals formed a scale effect on Marxism, and finally spread to the north. Guangdong has a superior geographical location and is located in a coastal area. It has many people who stay in Japan and is more likely to come into contact with foreign ideas. Its translation talents and mastery of foreign languages are also leading compared to the north. Guangdong people have always been relatively open and tolerant in their thinking, and they are easy to accept new things.
Yangcheng Evening News: How is the progress of the topic of “Translation and Communication of Marxism in Guangdong” you are currently engaged in?
Wang Dongfeng: The translation of Marxism in China involves a variety of foreign languages, mainly Japanese, German, Russian and English. Research requires interdisciplinary disciplines. People who only do foreign language research may not be familiar with historical fields such as Marxism. People who specialize in Marxism have difficulty in in-depth language.
We started this topic in 2020, centered on specific translators and organized ten multilingual research groups based on the foreign language conditions of each translator. All of them are first-hand information, and they find the translated original text for comparison and research. This scale and method are the only ones in the country.
There are so many things that we are worth discovering. Whether from China or from a global perspective, there is no doubt that Marxism has pointed out a correct path to development for us. But now many people have a barrier from Marxism, especially the younger generation. I hope more people can read the original text systematically. At the beginning of the last century, those young intellectuals Cinema developed faith after they came into contact with Marxism. They didn’t want to live for this belief, because they saw hope and light in Marxism: it turned out that the world could still be like this.
We study the translation and dissemination of Marxism in China, and we also hope to let students learn Marxism with a sense of problem, review the paths taken by revolutionary ancestors, and subtly receive Marxist education.
Extension
Guangdong translator stubbornly interprets how steel is made
In 1942, the Soviet UnionThe first Chinese translation of the novel “How Steel Is Made” written by writer Ostrovsky was released, and the translator was Mei Yi, a native of Chaozhou, Guangdong.
Under the arrangement of the party organization, from 1938 to 1941, Mei Yi worked hard to complete the Chinese translation of “How Steel Is Tempered”. At that time, he had to work during the day and run newspapers at night, so he could only squeeze in time to translate. For a while, his wife was ill and could not take care of the child, so Mei Yi had to hold the child in one hand and hold a pen in the other to translate the book. Later, Mei Yi’s wife and two young sons died one after another. He endured his grief and persisted in translating the novel with tenacious perseverance, and answered “How is steel made” with practical actions.
The book caused a sensation as soon as it was released, and bookstores in the liberated areas reprinted one after another. Mei Yi’s translation is the most widely circulated and influential version in the country so far. “My whole life and all my energy have been dedicated to the most magnificent cause in the world – fighting for the liberation of mankind.” This famous quote by the protagonist Paul Korchakin in the book inspired generations of young people to devote themselves to the revolution and the construction of the motherland.
The Paul spirit has long crossed national boundaries and time and space. Bai Jurong was one of the pioneers of Guangdong’s Cantonese Opera reform. He unfortunately lost his eyes in 1946, but he stubbornly returned to the stage after the founding of New China and also established the Guangdong Cantonese Opera School. As the first artist party member in the Cantonese opera industry, Bai Jurong’s love for Cantonese opera and his love for the party’s cause have been unanimously praised by the theater industry. The drama master Tian Han praised him as “Paul Kochakin of the Chinese literary and artistic circles.”
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Guangdong Provincial CPPCC Culture and Cultural and Cultural InformationBabaylan Materials Committee, Yangcheng Evening News
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“Literature and History Guangdong” http://www.gdwsw.gov.cn/